黄棕壤铁铝氧化物与土壤稳定性有机碳和氮的关系

用6%NaOCl氧化不同粒级的黄棕壤,得到稳定性有机碳和氮的样品.用选择性溶提技术提取铁铝氧化物的含量,与稳定性有机碳和氮的关系表明:在2～250μm粒级上,游离铁、无定形铁和络合态铁含量的变化范围分别为6～60.8g/kg、0.13～4.8g·kg-1和0.03～0.47g·kg-1,在2μm粒级上分别为43.1～170g·kg-1、5.9～14.0g·kg-1和0.28～0.78g·kg-1.在2μm粒级上,无定形铝和络合态铝含量变化范围分别为0.08～1.34g/kg和0.11～0.47g/kg,在2μm粒级上分别为2.96～6.20g·kg-1和0.38～0.78g·kg-1.水稻土黄棕壤的选择性溶提铁的含量一般高于旱地黄棕壤,而选择性溶提铝的含量低于旱地黄棕壤.在2～250μm粒级上,土壤稳定性有机碳和有机氮含量变幅分别为0.93～6.0g·kg-1和0.05～0.36g·kg-1,在2μm粒级上分别为6.05～19.3g·kg-1和0.61～2.1g·kg-1,水稻土的稳定性有机碳和氮的含量高于旱地黄棕壤.在2～250μm粒级上,稳定性有机碳与有机氮比值(C稳/N稳)的变幅为9.50～22.0,在2μm粒级上分别为7.43～11.54.在2～250μm粒级上,土壤有机碳(氮)的稳定性指数SIC和SIN的变化分别为14.3～50.0和11.9～55.6,在2μm粒级上分别为53.72～88.80和40.64～70.0;旱地黄棕壤的SIC和SIN一般低于水稻土的,水稻土黄棕壤有利于有机碳和氮的保存.各种形态的铁铝氧化物含量与稳定性有机碳(氮)含量呈极显著正相关,且氧化物铁铝含量和稳定性有机碳(氮)含量在黏粒部分最高,即细粒级能保护土壤有机碳(氮).     

Ce-Mn复合氧化物上PTA尾气的催化燃烧

研究了在Ce-Mn复合氧化物上对苯二甲酸（PTA）生产尾气中有机杂质的催化燃烧效果。考察了W/V杂质、床层入口温度、有机杂质体积分数和总体积空速等对对二甲苯、醋酸甲酯催化燃烧的影响,结果表明：以空气作为氧化剂,当W/V杂质大于200 g.min/L,有机杂质体积分数低于0.8%,反应气体总空速低于30 000 h-1,...     

Reduction behaviors of permanganate by microbial cells and concomitant accumulation of divalent cations of Mg2+, Zn2+, and Co2+

Permanganate treatment is widely used for disinfection of bacteria in surface-contaminated water. In this paper, the fate of the dissolved permanganate in aqueous solution after contact with cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied. Concomitant accumulation of divalent cations of Mg~(2+), Zn~(2+), and Co~(2+) during precipitation of Mn oxides was also studied. The time course of the Mn concentration in solution showed an abrupt decrease after contact of Mn(VII) with microbial cells, followed by an increase after ～ 24 hr.XRD analysis of the precipitated Mn oxides, called biomass Mn oxides, showed the formation of low-crystalline birnessite. Visible spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES) analyses indicated that dissolved Mn(VII) was reduced to form biomass Mn oxides involving Mn(IV) and Mn(III), followed by reduction to soluble Mn(II).The numbers of electron transferred from microbial cells to permanganate and to biomass Mn oxides for 24 hr after the contact indicated that the numbers of electron transfer from microbial cell was approximately 50 times higher to dissolved permanganate than to the biomass Mn oxides in present experimental conditions. The 24 hr accumulation of divalent cations during formation of biomass Mn oxides was in the order of Co~(2+) Zn~(2+) Mg~(2+).XANES analysis of Co showed that oxidation of Co~(2+) to Co~(3+) resulted in higher accumulation of Co than Zn and Mg. Thus, treatment of surface water by KMnO_4 solution is effective not only for disinfection of microorganisms, but also for the elimination of metal cations from surface water.     

Clay mineralogy affects the efficiency of sewage sludge in reducing lead retention of soils

Recent studies have shown the feasibility of using of sewage sludge for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, there are no researches to check the influence of clay mineralogy on the efficiency of the sewage sludge to remediation of contaminated soils with heavy metals. For this purpose, we use two contrasting soils:Oxisol rich in hematite and gibbsite and Inceptisol rich in kaolinite. Thermal-treated sludge was applied to Pb-contaminated soil samples and incubated for 40 days. The soil samples were submitted to seven sequential extractions: soluble-Pb, exchangeable-Pb,precipitated-Pb, organic matter-Pb, Fe and Mn oxide-Pb, gibbsite and kaolinite-Pb, and residual-Pb. The reduction of soluble Pb forms by thermal sludge application was more pronounced in the Oxisol than in the Inceptisol because of the conversion of soluble-Pb into more stable forms, such as precipitated-Pb and oxides-Pb. For Inceptisol was necessary to apply high rates of thermal sludge to reach a significant reduction in soluble-Pb contents. The addition of humic fractions in the form of thermal sludge increased the concentration of organic matter-Pb. In confined area, the use of sewage sludge to reduce the heavy metals levels in soils must be better considered, mainly in more weathered soils.     

Preparation and evaluation of aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 for copper removal from aqueous solution

A novel material, aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 (NH₂-Mn-SBA- 15), was synthesized by bonding 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) onto manganeseloaded SBA-15 (Mn-SBA-15) and used as a Cu²⁺ adsorbent in aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), N₂ adsorption/ desorption isotherms, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the NH₂-Mn-SBA-15. The orderedmesoporous structure of SBA-15 was remained aftermodification. The manganese oxides were mainly loaded on the internal surface of the pore channels while the aminopropyl groups were mainly anchored on the external surface of SBA-15. The adsorption of Cu²⁺ on NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 was fitted well by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 for Cu²⁺ was over two times higher than that of Mn-SBA-15 under the same conditions. The Elovich equation gave a good fit for the adsorption process of Cu²⁺ by NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 and Mn-SBA-15. Both the loaded manganese oxides and the anchored aminopropyl groups were found to contribute to the uptake of Cu²⁺. The NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 showed high selectivity for copper ions. Consecutive adsorption-desorption experiments showed that the NH₂-Mn-SBA-15 could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties.     

城市有机垃圾焚烧烟气中氮氧化物生成特性的研究

本文对城市有机垃圾经模化后,在一小型固定床燃烧炉中进行了燃烧试验,研究了燃烧温度、炉内停留时间、过剩空气系数、垃圾粒径等因素对NOx生成的影响。研究表明,NOx在燃烧温度为600－800℃的范围内生成量最大,且随着停留时间的延长、过剩空气系数的增大、粒径的减少而增大。添加CaCO3、CaO对NOx的生成有不同程度的影响。     

我国氮氧化物排放因子的修正和排放量计算:2000年

根据我国城市的发展状况 ,采用城市分类的方法 ,将我国 2 6 1个地级市按照人口数量分为 5个类别。每类城市选取一个典型城市进行实地调查 ,对我国燃烧锅炉和机动车的NOx 的排放因子进行了修正 ,提出了适合我国目前排放水平的各类城市的固定源和移动源的排放因子。并依据 2 0 0 0年中国大陆地区的电站锅炉、工业锅炉和民用炉具的燃料消耗量和机动车保有量 ,以地级市为基本单位 ,估算了 2 0 0 0年我国各地区的NOx 排放量 ,分析了分地区、分行业、分燃料类型的NOx 排放特征。 2 0 0 0年我国NOx 排放总量为 11.12Mt,其中固定源占 6 0 .8% ;移动源占 39.2 %。NOx 排放在地域、行业和燃料类型上分布均不平衡。NOx 的排放主要集中在华东和华北地区 ,其排放量占全国排放量的一半以上。燃煤为最重要的NOx 排放源 ,其排放量占燃料型NOx 排放量的 72 .3%左右。     

Ag-Al2O3催化剂选择性催化还原稀薄燃烧NOx的研究

本研究主要考察了丙烯为还原剂 ,溶胶 凝胶和共沉淀两种方法制备的Ag Al2 O3催化剂的活性 ,实验结果表明Ag(5 ) Al2 O3(SG)催化剂具有最高的活性。同时详细考察了C3H6 浓度、NO浓度和空速等因素对Ag(5 ) Al2 O3(SG)催化剂活性的影响 ,实验结果表明该催化剂在高空速条件下仍然具有良好的性能。此外 ,还考察了乙烯、丙烷和辛烷为还原剂 ,Ag(5 ) Al2 O3(SG)催化剂的活性 ,实验结果表明以辛烷为还原剂 ,该催化剂还原NOx 的活性 ,特别是低温活性明显提高     

Precise regulation of acid pretreatment for red mud SCR catalyst: Targeting on optimizing the acidity and reducibility

• The optimum SCR activity was realized by tuning the acid pretreatment. • Optimized catalysts showed NO_x conversion above 90%. • The NH₃ and NO adsorption capacity of Al-O₃-Fe is stronger than Fe-O₃-Fe. • The formation of almandine consumes Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ and weakens their interaction. Red mud (RM), as an alkaline waste, was recently proved to be a promising substitute for the SCR catalyst. Dealkalization could improve the acidity and reducibility of red mud, which were critical for SCR reaction. However, the dealkalization effect depended on the reaction between acid solution and red mud. In this study, we realized the directional control of the chemical state of active sites through tuning the acid pretreatment (dealkalization) process. The pretreatment endpoint was controlled at pH values of 3–5 with diluted nitric acid. When the pH values of red mud were 3 and 5 (CRM-3 and CRM-5), activated catalysts showed NO_x conversion above 90% at 275°C–475°C. The high initial reaction rate, Ce³⁺/(Ce³⁺ + Ce⁴⁺) ratio, and surface acidity accounted for the excellent SCR performance of CRM-5 catalyst. Meanwhile, more Fe³⁺ on the CRM-3 surface improved the NH₃ adsorption. There was a strong interaction between Al and Fe in both CRM-5 and CRM-3 catalysts. DFT results showed that the adsorption capacity of the Al-O₃-Fe for NH₃ and NO is stronger than that of Fe-O₃-Fe, which enhanced the NO_x conversion of the catalyst. However, the almandine was formed in CRM-4, consumed part of Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, and the interaction between Al and Fe was weakened. Also, deposited almandine on the catalyst surface covered the active sites, thus leading to lower NH₃-SCR activity.